Open Science: The Concept and Theoretical Approaches (Arabic)

The research discusses the concept of open science, the relevant roles of universities and research centers thereto; and the indicators, such as open access, open source, citizen science, transparency, closed science, open data, trust in science and confidence in technology, cooperation, participation, communication and outreach, data collection from external sources, re-conducting and implementation of research, and open academy. The research refers to the intellectual and theoretical schools of open science, which are the public school, the school of measurement, the Pragmatic school, the democratic school, and some sociological theoretical visions of Max Weber, Robert Merton, Jürgen Habermas. In a critical framework, the research presents the societal and epistemological problems and obstacles that the concept may cause, and the challenges it may face. One of the most significant outputs of the research is handling open science as a social system based on relational interconnectedness between scientists themselves, and between scientists with members of the society, in a cooperative and participatory context. This is to transform the society to a knowledge society, wherein its members contribute to the production of science, and also benefit from it, due to its easy accessibility and the ability to be understood and interpreted. The research indicates the requirements of achieving an open science society, showing that it is a must to raise awareness of the role of science, technology and innovation in advancing the development activities, on the one hand, and in furthering the development practices, on the other. The research also indicates that one of the fundamental principles of development and human rights is the right to science and culture, both of which require a change of vision towards issues of innovation and knowledge dissemination, rather than the current restrictive pattern of intellectual property protection.